Petfood palatability is the result of what AFB International call, ‘the triangle of palatability success ingredients, palatants and processing.’ Fats can provide important functions on all three sides of the triangle.
As research and development director at AFB’s European headquarters in Oss, The Netherlands, it my job to understand the science behind palatability and to share technical insights for delivering palatability performance with customers and colleagues.
Fats in ingredients
Fats may be naturally present in ingredients chosen for a petfood formulation. These fats can serve as a source of important Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids, boosting nutritional value, as well as flavour for pets.
Petfoods that include Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids in ratios between 10-to-1 and 5-to-1 have been shown to have health benefits, including reduced risk of heart disease, joint problems and various other issues related to inflammation.
Fats as palatants
Fats can be applied topically or internally to petfood. The most common topically applied fats are animal fats. Chicken fat provides high palatability but also greasiness, while pork offers a less-greasy but less palatable alternative. Both chicken and pork fat have a low melting point, keeping them liquid at lower temperatures.
Beef fat is used less frequently because of the need for a beef-free guarantee in many countries and because of its high melting point, causing it to become hard at temperatures from 20 to 25 degrees Celsius.
For total fat application, up to 8 percent may be used in a dry petfood formulation with a single-screw extruder. Fish and flaxseed oils are some examples of the most common fats used as internal sources. Fats generally aren’t used internally at high application levels because of their negative effect on the expansion rate, which correlates to increased specific weight of the kibble.
Fats in processing
Choosing a high-quality fat and processing it to maintain its quality is critical. Adding antioxidants immediately during the rendering process and maintaining a proper storage temperature before and after application are keys to success.
How fats are applied in petfood production is equally important. As observed, fat may be applied topically or internally, though topical application is used about 80 percent of the time. The most common processes for adding topical fats are drum coating, vacuum coating and spinning disk coating.
A fat often is combined with liquid or dry palatants — or both. When used in combination, the fat is applied first, then the liquid palatant, then the dry palatant. This order helps ensure the dry palatant will adhere better, as well as keeping the fat from masking the effect of the dry and liquid palatants.
Ensuring fat quality
Petfood scientists know important fat is as an ingredient in petfood. However, not all fats are quality fats and even high-quality fats need to be treated to ensure they maintain that quality. That’s why it’s crucial for all disciplines in pet food producers—from purchasing and sales to marketing and general management—to understand how the investment in good fat quality contributes to pet food palatability and, ultimately, the bottom line.
Fresh fat will positively influence the total flavour of petfood, while rancid or oxidised fat can generate unpleasant off-notes that may impact a pet’s interest in the food. Generally, any level of rancidity negatively impacts cat palatability, while dogs can tolerate moderate levels. If the pet won’t eat the food, the pet owner is unlikely to purchase it again.
Rancidity and oxidation
Rancidity is the result of oxidation. This is a chemical reaction in which the double bond of the lipid molecule reacts with oxygen to produce a variety of chemical products. The oxidation process can be influenced by moisture, temperature, light, trace metals, oxygen, and enzymes.
Methods of verifying stability
- The presence of free fatty acids (FFA) indicates poor quality (freshness) of the raw material. FFAs are sensitive to oxidation. A high level of FFAs in animal fat can be a cause for concern with respect to rancidity
- The colour may also provide an indication of the fat quality as impacted by the intensity of the process. High temperature and pressure create a darker colour, which typically has a negative impact on palatability
- Peroxide value and hexanal are indicators of rancidity. Peroxide value is the primary and hexanal is the secondary oxidation product. Both of these in combination provide a true indication of rancidity
- In the pet food industry, in general, levels below three indicate that the products are good or stable; levels three to five indicate products are going bad; and levels above five indicate that the products are poor and show off-flavours
Accelerated test methods to measure the stability of fat include OSI (Oxidation Stability Index), AOM (Active Oxygen Method), and the oxygen bomb.
Preventing oxidation
How does a petfood company prevent oxidation and verify that prevention is working to help deliver the desired palatability? Here are some important tips:
- Know your fat supplier. Governments do not regulate fat oxidation levels, so it’s up to you to ensure quality. Procure consistently good quality fats from a reputable source with whom you have an ongoing relationship
- Choose fats low in FFAs. FFAs indicate a lack of freshness. If used as ingredients in foods, those foods can become rancid in a short time
- Have antioxidants added to fats at the supplier before delivery for maximum effect. Once fats begin oxidising, it’s difficult to arrest the process—so stop it before it starts
Antioxidants interfere with oxidation reactions in one of the following ways:
- Chain-breaking antioxidants intercept free radicals involved in the oxidation process
- Oxygen scavengers react directly with oxygen and remove it from the system
- Chelating agents or sequesters are effective inhibitors of oxidation by chelating metal ions that may catalyse oxidation
- Protecting fats through the production process by adopting pet food packaging processes that replace oxygen with inert gas or use adequate antioxidants
- Monitor fats of raw materials and pet food products through the production process at a regular frequency by measuring both peroxide value and hexanal.
Don’t be fooled by a peroxide value that climbs early in oxidation, then falls again as the secondary oxidation process takes over. Measure hexanal as well, which shows a linear increase across time, for a true and complete picture of rancidity, see Figure 1.
Figure 1: For a true and complete picture of oxidation and potential rancidity, measure both peroxide value and hexanal.
Consistent palatability
Monitoring fat quality, measuring oxidation, implementing best-in-class manufacturing processes, and appropriately applying antioxidants (time and level) are crucial aspects to achieve consistent palatability for dogs and cats in pet food.
For more information on AFB International visit their website, HERE.